Everything you need to know about: bullet trains in Japan

A needle-nosed train speeds past the base of beloved Mount Fuji. It's an image as synonymous with Japan as a geisha shuffling through the streets of Kyoto or a steaming bowl of ramen—and for good reason. Travelling on a Japan bullet train is a bucket list fixture for many visitors to the Land of the Rising Sun. 

Japan's railways reflect the country's soul—precise, reliable, and constantly evolving, with trains that arrive exactly when they're meant to. In 2017, the average delay across the Shinkansen (bullet train) network was a remarkable 54 seconds, and any delay greater than one minute requires conductors to submit a formal explanation.

Whether you're planning a trip from Tokyo to Kyoto or exploring the entire country, understanding Japan's rail system will enhance your journey. Here's everything you need to know about bullet trains in Japan.

A brief history of the Shinkansen

The first iteration of Japanese Shinkansen began commercial operation in 1964, coinciding with the Tokyo Olympics. At the time, and for the next several decades, it was revolutionary. Travel times between Tokyo and Osaka were slashed from over six hours to four and before its third anniversary, it had serviced 100 million passengers.

In the last 60 years, the network has increased speeds further, expanded to nine separate lines and operates more than one thousand journeys per day. In the history of its operation, there have been no fatalities from derailment or collision, making Japan's high-speed rail system one of the safest transport networks in the world.

Did You Know?

The word "Shinkansen" literally translates to "new trunk line" in Japanese, referring to the new railway infrastructure built specifically for these high-speed trains.

How fast does the bullet train go?

Japanese high-speed trains were once the fastest in the world but have since fallen down the list to international competitors (it currently sits at number two in the world after China). However, the H5 and E5 series, Japan's fastest, travel up to 360 km/h (224 mph), which is nothing to sniff at.

The average operating speed of most Shinkansen trains is between 240-320 km/h (149-198 mph), allowing passengers to travel between major cities in a fraction of the time it would take by car or regular train. For instance, the journey from Tokyo to Kyoto takes just over 2 hours on the fastest Nozomi Shinkansen, compared to nearly 6 hours by car.

Future plans are already underway for even faster trains. The ALFA-X, an experimental Shinkansen model, has been tested at speeds of up to 400 km/h (248 mph) and is expected to enter service by 2030.

Did You Know?

Engineers designed those iconic pointed noses (some stretching longer than a bus) to solve real problems—they slice through air pressure when racing into tunnels and keep the wind from howling as trains pass each other at full speed.

Popular train routes in Japan

The Shinkansen network currently consists of seven high-speed lines, plus two smaller routes, and together they cover most of the country. The most popular tourist routes have (unsurprisingly) multiple departures a day. For example, the Shinkansen Tokyo to Kyoto route has up to 31 departures.

Tokyo to Hiroshima bullet train

The Tokyo to Hiroshima bullet train is one of the most popular routes due to the historical and cultural significance of the city. Hiroshima is over 800 km (497 miles) from the capital, but don't let the distance turn you off. Both cities are connected by the iconic high-speed Shinkansen railway, and the fastest train will get you to Hiroshima in around 3 hours and 42 minutes.

Tokyo to Kyoto train

The Tokyo to Kyoto train route is perhaps the most travelled by tourists, connecting Japan's bustling capital with its cultural heart. With frequent departures throughout the day, this 2-hour and 15-minute journey on the Nozomi Shinkansen (the fastest service) takes you through the picturesque Japanese countryside and past Mount Fuji on clear days.

Step off the train in Kyoto, and you'll feel the shift immediately. Tokyo's neon gives way to wooden temples, and geisha is hurrying down stone paths. It's why so many travellers find the two-hour bullet train journey between Japan's dazzling present and its living past so addictive.

Tokyo to Osaka train

The Tokyo to Osaka train journey is one of the original bullet train routes and remains one of the most travelled today. In just 2 hours and 30 minutes, the Nozomi Shinkansen whisks passengers between these two vibrant cities.

Osaka, known for its lively food scene and friendly locals, offers a different flavour of urban Japan compared to Tokyo. Many travellers include both cities in their itinerary, as seen in our 13-Day Cherry Blossoms Of Japan package, which features guided experiences in Tokyo and free time to explore Osaka.

Did You Know?

There are three different types of Shinkansen services on the Tokaido line (Tokyo-Kyoto-Osaka): Nozomi (fastest, with fewest stops), Hikari (semi-fast), and Kodama (stops at all stations). 

Regular trains vs. bullet trains in Japan

Although Japan is well known for its bullet trains, there's plenty of regular trains, too. All major cities have a network of underground subway trains (chikatetsu), some of which stop frequently, and others which only stop at major terminals (known as express trains). Just make sure you're on the right one. One Tokyo train line, the Yurikamome, is fully automated and doesn't even have a driver on board.

The major difference between regular and bullet trains is their efficiency. A Shinkansen can cover great distances in minimal time, connecting major cities in a matter of minutes—literally. A trip from Kyoto to Osaka takes just 15 minutes by bullet train versus 30 minutes by regular train and over an hour by car.

While regular trains are typically used for commuting within cities or to nearby towns, the Shinkansen is designed for long-distance travel between major urban centres. Regular trains are often more affordable but significantly slower than their high-speed counterparts.

For tourists exploring multiple cities across Japan, combining regular trains for local travel and bullet trains for longer journeys offers the most comprehensive and cost-effective way to experience the country. This is the approach we take in our 10-Day Premium Japan by Rail tour, which utilises various forms of rail transport to provide a comprehensive Japanese experience.

Types of Shinkansen trains

Japan operates several different models of bullet trains, each with unique features and services. Understanding the differences can help you choose the right train for your journey.

Nozomi Shinkansen

The Nozomi Shinkansen is the premier service on the Tokaido and Sanyo lines, connecting Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, and Fukuoka (Hakata). As the fastest option with the fewest stops, it's popular among business travellers and tourists with tight schedules. However, it's worth noting that the Japan Rail Pass does not cover Nozomi services.

Hikari Shinkansen

The Hikari Shinkansen is a semi-express service that stops at more stations than the Nozomi but fewer than the Kodama. It's a good middle-ground option and is covered by the Japan Rail Pass, making it the go-to choice for pass holders travelling between Tokyo and western Japan.

Other Shinkansen services

Other notable Shinkansen services include the Hayabusa (operating on the Tohoku line to northern Japan), the Sakura (running between western Honshu and Kyushu), and the Kagayaki (serving the Hokuriku region). Each offers varying speeds, comfort levels, and amenities to suit different travel needs.

Did You Know?

Each Shinkansen line has its own distinctive colour scheme and design. For example, the E5 series trains that run on the Tohoku Shinkansen line feature a striking green stripe, while the N700 series on the Tokaido line has a blue design.

Do I need to reserve a seat?

Each Shinkansen has a different carriage configuration. Some have one or two non-reserved carriages, while others are entirely reserved. This usually depends on the destination, as the most popular routes between cities like Osaka and Tokyo tend to have more unreserved areas. Signs throughout the station that list train times and platforms will also indicate which cabins are unreserved so that people can line up in the correct area.

Unless you're travelling at peak time (in the morning or late afternoon), you're unlikely to need a reserved seat. Chances are there will be plenty of free seats in the unreserved cabins, but if you'd prefer a guaranteed spot, reserve a seat for an additional fee on top of the ticket price.

During holiday periods, like Golden Week (late April to early May), Obon (mid-August), and New Year, reserved seats are highly recommended as trains can become extremely crowded. The same applies if you're travelling with large luggage or in a group, as finding multiple seats together in unreserved carriages can be challenging during busy periods.

For travellers on our guided Japan tours, seat reservations are typically arranged in advance to ensure a smooth and comfortable journey.

How do I buy my ticket and make reservations?

Every main train station will have a ticket counter with staff who are happy to assist with any queries you may have. Here, you can find train departure times, book tickets or reserve seats. You can also purchase Shinkansen tickets from one of the many automatic ticket machines, as long as you have cash and a basic understanding of where you want to go.

Those with a JR Pass must activate it at a ticket counter before boarding a train, but they can hop onto any unreserved Shinkansen without paying for an additional ticket (excluding the Nozomi and Mizuho trains).

Online booking options

For travellers who prefer to plan ahead, several online platforms allow you to book Japan train tickets before arrival. The official JR East website offers reservations for some lines, while third-party services like JR-Pass.com provide comprehensive booking options for most Shinkansen routes.

Booking your Japan train tickets online is especially useful during peak travel seasons when trains can sell out quickly. It also gives you the peace of mind of having your itinerary sorted before arriving in a foreign country.

Japan Rail Pass (JR Pass)

The Japan Rail Pass is a cost-effective option for tourists planning to travel extensively by train in Japan. Available for 7, 14, or 21 consecutive days, the pass grants unlimited access to JR trains nationwide, including most Shinkansen services (except Nozomi and Mizuho).

To determine if a JR Pass is worth it, compare the cost of individual tickets for your planned itinerary with the pass price. Generally, if you're making at least one round trip between Tokyo and Kyoto, the 7-day pass pays for itself.

The pass must be purchased before arriving in Japan or through select partners within Japan (with a surcharge). Once in Japan, you'll need to exchange your voucher for the actual pass at a JR ticket office.

Did You Know?

The Japan Rail Pass is only available to foreign visitors on short-term visas. It's not available for purchase by Japanese residents or those on long-term visas.

Luggage on bullet trains

Managing luggage on Japan's bullet trains requires some planning. Unlike many Western train systems, the Shinkansen have limited dedicated luggage space. Most bullet trains have overhead racks suitable for small to medium-sized suitcases and a small space behind the last row of seats in each car for larger items.

For large suitcases (over 160 cm/63 inches in total dimensions), you may need to reserve a special luggage seat or use Japan's efficient luggage forwarding service (takuhaibin) to send your bags to your next accommodation.

It's worth noting that newer Shinkansen models on some lines now feature dedicated luggage spaces with security locks, but these are not yet universal across the network.

Japan train etiquette for travellers

Understanding basic train etiquette in Japan will enhance your travel experience and show respect for local customs:

• Keep noise to a minimum: Avoid loud conversations or phone calls. If you must take a call, speak quietly and briefly.
• Don't eat odorous or messy foods: While eating on bullet trains is acceptable, stick to neat, odourless snacks.
• Clean up after yourself: Take all trash with you when you exit the train.
• Don't put bags on seats: Keep your belongings on your lap or in designated storage areas.
• Line up orderly for boarding: Japanese passengers form neat queues at marked spots on platforms.
• Avoid blocking doors or aisles: Move inside the carriage to make room for other passengers.

Following these simple guidelines will help you blend in and travel like a local on Japan's efficient train network.

What is the best time to ride the bullet train?

While Japan's bullet trains operate year-round, certain seasons offer particularly scenic journeys. Spring (March to May) brings cherry blossoms along many rail routes, especially the stretch between Tokyo and Kyoto. Fall (October to November) transforms the landscape with vibrant autumn colours.

For the best views of Mount Fuji, travel between Tokyo and Kyoto in the winter months (December to February) when skies are typically clearer. Sit on the right side when heading from Tokyo to Kyoto and on the left when travelling in the opposite direction for optimal Fuji views.

For more seasonal information, check out our guide on when is the best time to visit Japan.

Deciding between taking a Japan bullet train vs. flying

For many routes in Japan, the bullet train offers several advantages over flying:

• City-centre access: Shinkansen stations are typically in city centres, while airports are often on the outskirts, requiring additional transit time.
• No early arrival requirement: Unlike flights, you can arrive at the station just minutes before departure.
• More comfortable seating: Bullet trains offer more legroom and comfort than economy-class flights.
• No baggage restrictions: There are no strict weight limits for luggage on the trains (though space considerations apply).
• Scenic views: Train journeys showcase Japan's diverse landscapes rather than just clouds.

For distances under 800 km (497 miles), the total travel time (including getting to/from airports and security checks) is often shorter by bullet train than by plane.

The future of Japan's bullet trains

Japan continues to innovate in high-speed rail technology. The upcoming Linear Chuo Shinkansen, using magnetic levitation (maglev) technology, promises to cut the Tokyo-Nagoya journey to just 40 minutes at speeds up to 500 km/h (311 mph). Service is expected to begin in the 2030s.

Environmental considerations are also driving development, with newer models designed for greater energy efficiency and reduced noise pollution. Artificial intelligence is being incorporated to improve safety and operational efficiency further.

As Japan prepares for future tourism growth, the Shinkansen network continues to expand, with plans for new routes connecting more regions to the high-speed network.

Quick Recap: Japan bullet train essentials

• The Shinkansen network covers most of Japan, with trains running at speeds up to 360 km/h (224 mph)
• Popular routes include Tokyo-Kyoto (2h15m), Tokyo-Osaka (2h30m), and Tokyo-Hiroshima (3h42m)
• The Japan Rail Pass offers unlimited travel on most bullet trains except Nozomi and Mizuho services
• Seat reservations are recommended during peak travel periods and holidays
• Major Shinkansen types include Nozomi (fastest), Hikari (semi-express), and Kodama (all stations)
• Bullet trains are typically more convenient than flying for destinations within Honshu
• Train etiquette includes keeping noise down and being mindful of luggage placement
• The future maglev Chuo Shinkansen will reach speeds of 500 km/h (311 mph)

Experience Japan's bullet trains on a guided tour

Navigating Japan's rail system can be intimidating for first-time visitors. A guided tour can provide a stress-free way to experience the efficiency and comfort of the country's famous bullet trains while enjoying expert insights into Japanese culture and attractions.

Our 22-Day Unforgettable Japan And Kyushu tour includes multiple Shinkansen journeys as you explore Japan's main island of Honshu and the southern island of Kyushu. As a partially escorted tour offering the perfect blend of independence and local guides, you’ll enjoy ith reserved seats and luggage handling assistance on the trains so that you can focus on the scenery rather than logistics.

For a shorter experience, the 15 Day Inspiring Japan offers a perfect introduction to Japanese train travel, covering major destinations like Tokyo, Hiroshima, and Kyoto.

Before your trip, enhance your understanding of Japanese culture by checking out our recommendations for five books to read before your Japan trip and 10 things to do in Japan to make the most of your visit.

Ready to experience the engineering marvel of Japan's bullet trains firsthand? From the cultural treasures of Kyoto to the modern wonders of Tokyo, our specialised Japan tours combine the best of traditional and contemporary experiences. With expert guides, premium accommodations, and the excitement of Shinkansen travel, Inspiring Vacations will help you discover the magic of Japan without the stress of planning complex train journeys. Check out our full range of Japan tours on offer and book your Japanese adventure today!